Energy Conservation in Residence Halls at Emory University: A Closer Look at the Turman Residential Center By Adam Wolf ENVS 499 4/26/00 Prof. John Wegner Contents Prologue Introduction Current Energy Use in Turman Proposed Retrofits in Turman Environmental Impact of Humans Behavior and Education Conclusion Appendices References

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Prologue

When I was a freshman at Emory I lived in Mctyeire Hall. I loved the people on my hall and had a great experience. However, I was always troubled about why my fellow students, including my roommate, would leave the lights on and keep the air conditioning on high. When I asked them these questions, they said we are paying for it so we will use it and make the best of our money. I told a few students that they were not necessarily maximizing their money usage but hurting the environment by their carefree behavior. Several of the students made a conscious effort to limit their energy consumption. Other students went on doing what they had always done. However, when most of those students moved off campus and started paying monthly bills to the utility company, they changed their behavior quickly, because they now had a strong incentive. Thus, I thought there has to be a more efficient way to consume energy in the residence halls on campus. I believe that by utilizing more technologically efficient systems and by increasing education to residents, Emory can save money on energy consumption and help educate students about conservation of energy. Most importantly, through conserving energy Emory can benefit the environment by mitigating its emission of pollutants. Moreover, by increasing its environmental consciousness Emory can impact the students, staff, faculty, and surrounding community positively. In the following thesis, I will explore these thoughts I have had since my first year here much more thoroughly.

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Introduction

There are several external factors that play a key role into why it's important to investigate the efficiency of energy usage in residence halls at Emory University. The three main issues that I will explore are a recent announcement in the Emory Wheel for an increase in housing rates, the inability to completely control the price of energy, and the need for Emory to stay competitive with environmental management at other universities.

First, according to an article in the February 29, 2000, Emory Wheel housing rates at Emory will increase by 4.5% (Peresie, 1). The reasons for the increase are to fund new technology and ongoing renovations to residence halls. There are also unexpected costs, such as the replacement of the chiller in Turman Residential Center. Emory's room and board fee surpasses that of many other colleges in the US (Peresie, 1). Residential Services has been trying for the past 6 years to cut back on rate increases. Emory justifies the high rates by stating that quality of the facilities exceeds that of many other institutions. The article also stated that not all students agree with this assessment. However, Emory's goal is to lower the cost of room and board so that it is less than the average rate at other universities and entices students to continue to live on campus.

Second, Emory purchases its power from Georgia Power Company on a government number 10 real time pricing day ahead (G-10/RTP-DA) rate (Emory University Facilities Management). Basically, about 80 percent of Emory's electricity usage is charged at a fixed rate and the remaining 20 percent is billed at market rates. This fact means that 20 percent of the electricity Emory uses is dependent on the supply

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and demand for each hour and can skyrocket when there is a power shortage caused by a nationwide long, hot, dry spell. This cost structure is comparable to buying eight out of ten gallons of gasoline for your car for $10 in the morning at a fixed rate and finding that the next two gallons will cost you more or less in the afternoon depending on supply and demand for gas that day. The variable 20% is generally much greater than the fixed rate and causes the average kilowatt-hour price to increase. Emory is able to anticipate the cost of the remaining 20 percent or "last two gallons" by receiving a projection of the cost of electricity the day before they purchase the energy. There are numerous factors that go into the variable cost of the electricity that are quantified by over 26,000 data points per year. Emory's average rate per kilowatt-hour is 4.5 cents which was determined by Georgia Power. The reason for this rate is that in 1993 Emory averaged a cost of 4.5 cents per kilowatt-hour (Keith Curtis pers. comm.). Thus, Georgia Power established it as Emory's baseline rate. The majority of the time the cost for market power is about 2 cents/kWh. However, because of the 20% variable rate the price of electricity has soared to about $2.00 per kilowatt-hour, an increase of approximately 1000%. The result of such an increase effects the consumption of energy by every person at Emory. Furthermore, it causes drastic financial losses to the University, as was the case on Friday July 30, 1999 and Monday, August 2, 1999 (Hauk, email). On July 30, because of a low supply of electricity and a high demand, the cost of electricity increased to almost $2 per kilowatt-hour. University officials sent out a campus wide email urging all Emory students, faculty, and staff to reduce their energy consumption. (See Appendix A) The fact remains that a situation like this one could reoccur because Emory can only control its consumption to an extent.

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Third, Emory prides itself on its ability to be a leader amongst universities. Other institutions, such as Dartmouth College, Harvard, and Stanford have saved hundreds of thousands of dollars through programs that promote recycling, changes in students' behavior, and energy conservation (The Class of 2000 Report). By utilizing conservation programs, the University of Buffalo and City University of New York have each decreased their energy bills annually by over $3.5 million dollars through implementing conservation programs (The Class of 2000 Report).

This thesis will explore the efficiency of one of Emory's residence halls. Hopefully by taking a closer look at how the residents of the dormitory use electricity, the efficiency of existing technology, and the education of energy conservation to the residents, Emory can begin to find other ways to cut cost, decrease air pollution, increase efficiency of energy consumption, and compete better with other institutions.

Importance of Environmental Reform

A general need exists to improve environmental reform on campuses across the country so that these institutions can mitigate their physical impact on the environment. Colleges and universities with enhanced programs have the ability to serve as models for other campuses as well as other institutions in society. However, the most vital component of initiatives that increase environmental stewardship on campuses is the impact on students, each of whom is a potential future supporter of environmental responsibility (The Class of 2000 Report). Institutions of higher learning have large environmental impacts on their communities. For example, a 1989 audit showed that the University of California Los Angeles is the 3rd biggest consumer of electricity and the 8th for water in the city. Yale University buys about 80 million sheets of white paper per

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year or about 84 pounds per student while only 1.8% of the paper consists of recycled material (The Class of 2000 Report). Institutions of higher learning that offer student housing generate an average of 820 pounds of waste per student per year (The Class of 2000 Report). Thus, campus rates of consumption greatly impact the environment and by improving their practices they can create strong environmental benefits.

Campuses that have implemented successful environmental programs serve as models for other institutions. For instance, Brown University's recycling program, begun by students in 1984, helped direct the plan for Rhode Island's mandatory recycling program, the first statewide in the country (The Class of 2000 Report). Furthermore, schools can create programs and teach each other. In the late 1970's, several Bowdoin professors developed techniques in microscale chemistry to decrease laboratory hazards and wastes. They later put their findings into articles and ultimately a textbook in 1985. Now over 400 campuses utilize their technique (The Class of 2000 Report).

Another advantage for environmental reform on campuses is the impact on students' education and their future behavior. By positively influencing students behavior today, institutions can instill good lifetime environmental habits, which ultimately are of much greater value than saving a small amount of electricity or landfill space. The students will learn from environmental reform as well as from staff and faculty. The learning becomes more active when individuals need to change their own behavior, such as by turning off lights. However, the most active learning occurs when the students help modify campus practices through activism or class work (The Class of 2000 Report). Perhaps most of these learning experiences involve students already

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committed to environmental principles, but they can enhance their commitments while increasing awareness of others who are not as dedicated.

Through reducing physical impacts, setting examples for other institutions, and teaching students by example and experience, campuses can definitely gain advantages from environmental reform. Energy conservation in a residence hall is a good way to begin environmental reform. By using energy only when needed or with the most efficient technology available, students can help decrease the impact on air quality, resource depletion, global warming, and acid rain from burning fossil fuels for heat, cooling, hot water, and electricity. Energy efficiency practices are beneficial to the university because they can save money in all climates. Energy efficiency practices should be applied to renovations, electrical equipment, heating and cooling systems, and lighting (Creighton, 27). If energy costs are low, efficiency remains a strong investment for the future, because energy costs are likely to increase. Careful attention to existing conditions and an understanding of new technologies is vital to the implementation of energy efficiency practices on campuses. However, many simple opportunities are available to increase energy efficiency by changing behavior, such as turning off lights and equipment, and institutional policy, such as temperature targets and heating and cooling policies (Creighton, 28).

Assigning a price to the benefits of clean air and water or open space is very difficult. However, many of the key environmental initiatives can have real financial benefits through cost avoidance or avoided liability. New environmental technologies can provide short-term and long-term cost avoidance and can aid in reducing or eliminating costly fines and potential liability problems. Most campuses that improve

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energy efficiency obtain a sizable return on the university investment as well as a reduction of on- and off-site pollution. (Creighton, 42)

This thesis will look at Turman Residential Center as a place to start reform at Emory University. Turman was chosen because it operates on separate boiler and chiller systems. Other freshman dormitories at Emory share boilers with other buildings on campus making it difficult to identify the proportion of energy that each building is consuming. At the Turman Residential Center, only Turman North, South, and East are the major consumers of energy. Thus, obtaining more accurate data on energy consumption because there are fewer variables is easier. Turman Residential Center can be divided into three different residence halls. Two of these residence halls account for about 1/4 of the freshman class. Hence another benefit of selecting Turman is the ability to educate many students and the potential for collaborative learning through competition.

The study of the Turman Residential Center will begin with identifying its current uses of energy and its equipment. Then I will explore the policies with which students will need to comply, followed by an explanation of retrofits that can be performed to enhance energy conservation in the residence hall. Next I will examine a list of potential retrofits to equipment and appliances and their financial benefits. From there I will look at Emory's environmental footprint and how these retrofits can mitigate pollution. Next ways in which Emory can educate its students about energy conservation will be discussed. I will examine how education and experiences can alter residents' behavior. Finally I will conclude with recommendations about how Emory can enhance its conservation of energy.

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Current Energy Use in Turman

Who's Using the Energy?

In order to know where to start changing technology, understanding the current conditions and environment of Turman Residential Center is important. Turman Residential Center consists of Turman North, Turman South, and Turman East. Turman North and East are strictly freshman dormitories, where as Turman South is primarily for upperclassmen but also houses freshman. The 2nd and 3rd floors of Turman South are suites which, differ from Turman North and Turman East, because in addition to a bedroom, they include a living room, bathroom, and kitchen. Turman West is a separate upper class dormitory. Statistics and information about Turman West will be included at times because this site operates on the same chiller and boiler as the three freshman Turman residence halls.

The Turman Residential Center was built in 1983. It has a total capacity of 395 students. Turman North can house 142; Turman South and Turman East can house 97 and 156, respectively. Turman North houses 127 freshmen and 15 upper-class students from campus life who act as residential advisors or sophomore advisors. Turman East holds 141 freshmen and 14 students from campus life. Turman West houses 198 upperclassmen. Over the past two years, the residence halls have been, on average, over 90 percent occupied during the fall and spring semesters of the school year (Emory Department of Residence Life). During the summer these residence halls are used for three main conferences. The rooms are utilized on average at approximately 30 percent of capacity (University Conferences). However, the actual facilities are occupied for over

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60 percent of the summer, and therefore the air conditioning remains on the entire time the building is occupied

What Equipment Consumes Energy?

Turman has many appliances and equipment. This thesis will not cover all the items that consume energy but will focus on the technology responsible for the bulk of energy consumption. First, some appliances are powered by electricity and their energy consumption is measured in kilowatt-hours. Other equipment runs on natural gas and is measured in the units of therms. One therm of natural gas is equal to 100,000 Btu. One kilowatt-hour of electricity is equal to 3,413 Btu. Thus one therm is equivalent to about 29.3 kilowatt-hours.

Turman operates on a two-pipe heating and air conditioning (HVAC) system which accounts for the largest proportion of energy consumption. A boiler supplies the heat for the residence hall and is responsible for being the largest consumer of natural gas. The chiller supplies the air conditioning by utilizing electricity and is the largest consumer of kilowatt-hours. The second largest consumer of natural gas is the water heater. The second largest consumer of electricity is the lighting system. Other primary sources of energy consist of the refrigerators washers, dryers, and coke machines can be broken down per dormitory. The following, chart depicts the findings from my research on the equipment in each dormitory .

Lighting Fixtures in Turman Residential Center

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Other Equipment in Turman Residential Center

Policies

There are very few policies in place that govern the way students use energy in residence halls. According to the Policies and Procedures Manual for Resident Advisors the following policies are currently in effect.

ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES

In all the residence halls there is a limited number of electrical outlets in each room. For everyone's safety and convenience, no more than two appliances may be plugged into a double electrical outlet at any one tint . This is for both fire safety and energy conservation. Some appliances which residents may use in their rooms are clocks, fans, stereos, TVs, electric blankets, electric razors, hair dryers, heating pads. Unauthorized air conditioners and floor heaters are not permitted No more than two extension cords. not exceeding 6 feet each, may be used in a room. All items must be UL approved.

COOKING IN THE RESIDENCE HALLS

Cooking is restricted to those areas of the residence halls, which have been designated specifically for that purpose (kitchen areas). Residents are responsible for cleaning up after themselves when they use kitchen facilities. University Housing Policy prohibits cooking In unauthorized areas of residence halls. Unauthorized areas Include individual student rooms, study rooms, common areas, rest rooms, or any other area not specifically designated as suitable for cooking purposes.

Possession of cooking appliances other than those listed below is strictly prohibited. Any item found in violation of this policy should be confiscated by the residence hall staff. Only the following appliances are allowed to be used in student rooms (all items should be UL approved):

All of the following are prohibited:

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Emory does state that residents can only have one personal refrigerator per room. Students are also only allowed to have microwaves from MicroFridges. Another policy is that halogen torchiere lighting is not allowed in rooms because of safety issues. In addition, one more safety policy requires that the lights in the hallway remain on from 8am until midnight everyday (Emory University Department of Residence Life).

The majority of the residents abide by these policies. However, numerous students have circuit breakers plugged into the outlet that are used for their computers, TVs, and other appliances, thus nullifying the only policy that directly refers to energy conservation.

Retrofits

Technological advances have occurred in almost all types of equipment that are utilized in Turman Residential Center. These improvements provide environmental, safety, and financial benefits. These benefits can be realized through performing retrofits. A sustainable retrofit is a change to an existing building that increases the efficiency of structures by reducing the amount of natural resources it takes to operate them. Some environmental benefits include the conservation of electricity and fuel oil retrofits that can reduce the consumption of limited natural resources. As a result, there is less pollution from using these fossil fuels. Furthermore, retrofits reduce the problems that are caused by pollution. The safety benefits from retrofitting can reduce safety hazards by replacing older materials or equipment with modem, safer technology. As safety codes continue to be updated it is vital that the structure adapt to these specifications. Retrofitting the structure can mitigate the risk of unexpected accidents from occurring. Moreover, retrofitting can increase the comfort level or feeling of

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security for the users of the structure. Short-term and long-term financial savings can occur from retrofitting. Operational costs can decrease which can benefit the bill payers immediately and in the future. By increasing the safety, liability issues can be avoided and potential savings can be provided too.

Most of the time, retrofitting provides students with the best chance to modify the physical structures on their campuses. Academic halls and residence halls constructed as recently as five years ago often lack efficient electrical fixtures and were usually built with little attention allocated to the efficiency of their design. Without the ability to go back in time to reconstruct these structures, environmentally minded students, faculty, and staff are limited to renovating some of the inefficiencies built in by architects and planners. Unfortunately, the post-construction mistakes that are easily fixable are often those that have the least impact on efficiency of the structure. Repairing these mistakes may increase the efficiency of the structure, but often these renovations fail to compare with the efficiency of a structure that is designed and planned with environmental forethought (National Wildlife Federation). According to the National Wildlife Federation, the following list classifies the importance of retrofits and identifies ways of improving efficiency.

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Keys to Increasing Comfort and Efficiency on Campus

Urgent (payback period of 1year or less, comfort increased immediately)

• Adopt no-cost/low cost actions (such as reducing thermostat settings, and using appliances wisely)
• Install appropriate attic insulation and provide attic ventilation
• Insulate water heater
• Use low -flow shower and faucet heads
• Seal holes, cracks, and penetrations in walls floors (around plumbing and electrical pathways, windows, and doors)
• Install fireplace covers
• Weather-strip windows and doors
• Install efficient lighting

Essential (payback within 5 years, comfort increased immediately)

• Connect programmable thermostat
• Install foam gasket on electrical outlets
• Caulk window and door frames

Important (payback within 8 years, comfort increased immediately)

• Insulate floors
• Install ceiling fans and whole-house fans
• Put up storm windows
• Shade windows with exterior solar shade screens, awnings, interior roller blinds, or reflective window film
• Landscape with drought- resistant native plants to reduce water and pesticide need

Optional (payback within 15 years, comfort increased immediately)

• Put in storm doors
• Add moveable window insulation

Emory University believes in performing, retrofits that payback within 5 years. or is essential according to a Campus Ecology list (Emory University Facilities Management Department). Not all of the suggestions in the list above apply to Turman Residential Center. For example, there are no fireplaces and the thermostat works in a unique manner because of the 2-pipe HVAC system. However, weatherization of the residence halls or filling cracks and holes can offer significant energy returns. By sealing cracks and holes, as well as making sure all windows and doors are caulked, Facilities Management can prevent heat or cool air from escaping and thus decrease the demand on the HVAC system. This coming summer, Facilities Management will close

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Turman North to install new siding and windows. The main problem in Turman is that the siding was not installed correctly and resulted in water leaking into the resident hall with air escaping. This error was also causing the windows to fog up. The renovations will include taking off the siding and brown tile underneath, and installing brick and installation followed by putting the siding back over the bricks. There will also be some replacement of the dry wall in the first floor because of water damage. The result will be the sealing of cracks and better installation with a payback period in between the urgent and essential categories (Emory University Facilities Management Department). Furthermore, the windows will be replaced with new thermal windows that have special coatings with better insulation. The following paragraphs will take a look at some of the technology and equipment currently being used in Turman Residential Center to see if gains can be produced from performing other retrofits.

Primary Energy Consuming Equipment in Turman Residential Center

Two-pipe HVAC system

The two-pipe HVAC system means that only the heat or the air conditioning can be operated at one time. Thus, all the rooms of Turman are receiving air conditioning or they are all receiving heat. Each room has a control panel in which the occupants can determine to what degree the heat or air conditioning will be utilized. Emory's Facilities Management decides when the HVAC system will produce heat or air conditioning. In order to effectively and safely use the equipment, facilities management will not constantly switch from heat to air conditioning. A few days are required for the boiler or chiller to work at its potential, and therefore switching is mitigated. Changing frequently from air conditioning to heat would be very inefficient because of the large amount of

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energy required to convert. At times, this reality is not very appealing to residents but if the air conditioning and heat were changed frequently, there would be several negative impacts. First, it would cause exceptional "wear and tear" on the chiller which, could result in blowing the seals and damaging the valves. Second, many hours are needed to cool and treat the water so that the water meets safety standards. Third, the weather at times fluctuates so frequently in Atlanta by the time the air conditioning is turned on the weather could be cold again or vice versa (Keith Curtis, pers. comm.).

Boiler

Currently, all of Turman Residential Center and Turman West use a boiler manufactured by RayPak Inc. The boiler is very old and is estimated to operate at about 65 percent efficiency. There are many different types of boilers currently in the market. The most efficient boilers operate at 84 percent efficiency. The following graph depicts the difference in operating cost between the existing boiler and a new model.

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Turman Residential Center Boiler

The graph views the boiler consumption of therms over a year period. Since the boiler does not operate in the summer it is assumed that all therms consumed in the summer are generated by the water heater. A heating degree day occurs when the temperature is 1 degree less than 65 degrees for 24 hours. For example if on Monday the temperature remained constant at 63 degrees for 24 hours, there would be 2 heating degree days for Monday. The heating degree days are used to identify when the boiler was turned off and the chiller activated. By averaging the amount of therms used in the summer, I was able to derive a baseload amount of heat annually consumed by the water heater. I subtracted this amount from the total therms consumed. Then the different operating efficiency levels of the boilers were entered to calculate the savings of using a more efficient boiler. Yearly savings are estimated to be about $975.

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Chiller

The Turman Residential Center and Turman West both have chillers. The chiller in the Turman Residential Center is primarily used to cool all four dormitories. However, when the temperature starts to increase sharply, generally around the beginning of the summer, the chiller in Turman West is used to cool Turman West. For the past three years, there have been numerous maintenance problems with the chiller in Turman West that resulted in repair costs between $15,000-$20,000 (William Thompson pers. comm.), Finally, this past summer, Facilities Management decided to purchase a new chiller for Turman West. York manufactures the new chiller. The new chiller is expected to make a considerable difference in the usage of energy. The old chiller had one large chamber that was filled to capacity every time it was used. The new chiller has 4 different chambers. Hence, if the demand on the chiller is low, only 1 or 2 chambers will be utilized therefore saving the cost of filling to capacity all the time. The old chiller had a capacity of 60 tons. Facilities Management believed that they needed a new 80-ton chiller. Unfortunately, York, the manufacturer of the chiller only had a I 10-ton chiller in stock. The cost of this chiller was about $5,000 more than the 80-ton chiller. However, time was a crucial factor, because Facilities Management wanted to finish the installation before the students arrived for the fall. Thus, the new chiller at Turman is I I 0-ton capacity and has four separate chambers to maximize efficiency (William Thompson pers. comm.).

Water Heater

On average the water heater accounts for about 14 percent of the energy bill in a household (Department of Energy (DOE)). Generally, water heaters that are over 10

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years old have an efficiency of less than 50 percent. Older water heaters can operate for years at very low efficiency before they fail. A water heater's efficiency is measured by its energy factor (EF). The higher the EF factor the more efficient the water heater. Electric resistance water heaters have an EF rating from 0.7 to .95; gas heaters from 0.5 to 0.6, with a few higher efficiency models averaging about 0.8; oil heaters ranging from 0.7 to 0.85; and heat pump water heaters from 1.5 to 2.0 (DOE).

When looking at a water heater most consumers base their decisions on the size of the storage tank. However, the most important aspect of a water heater is the first-hour rating (FHR), which is a measure of much hot water the water heater will produce during a high demand hour. An Energy Guide label provides the FHR. However, the Energy Guide label does not apply to water heaters that have a capacity of over 300,000 Btu.

In Turman Residential Center there are two water heaters manufactured by RayPak. These water heaters are at least 25 years old and in their prime operated at 80% efficiency. This rate of effectiveness has probably dropped by at least 10% since its purchase. Today, the water heaters are estimated to work at about 65 percent efficiency, each having a capacity of over 300,000 Btu. (Keith Curtis pers. comm.). The amount of therms consumed by the water heater can be estimated by calculating the average number of therms utilized per month during the summer when the heat is turned off. Since the water heater is the main consumer of natural gas behind the boiler, and the boiler is not being used, I have assumed that all natural gas consumption is from the water heater. By averaging the monthly amount of therms per month, it is possible to estimate the average therms consumed per month by the water heaters. (NOTE: The month of June was not

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included in determining the average consumption of therms during the summer. ) The

following graph displays the savings from a purchasing a more efficient water heater

Turman Residential Center Therms Consumption and Water Heater Efficiency

The graph looks at date, amount of natural gas consumed, cost of natural gas, and weather conditions. By averaging the amount of therms used per month by the water heater when the heating degree days equal 0, and then multiplying it by 12, I established its yearly consumption. Then I compared the efficiency of the existing water heater with most efficient heater in the market today. The result is an estimated yearly operational saving of over $3,000.

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Lighting

In the United States, lighting is estimated to account for 25 percent of electricity usage (Southface). Furthermore, in commercial buildings lighting consumes 41% of electricity and 28% of total energy (Creighton, 73). Recent developments in the lighting industry have yielded technology that is far superior to that available 5 years ago. These new fixtures provide the same or better lighting quality while using far less electricity. For example, compact fluorescent lamps have improved efficiency of lighting by decreasing the amount of electricity by 39 to 83 percent of previous demand (Creighton, 73). Even in locations where fluorescent lamps are used, electrical reductions of up to 50 percent can occur (Creighton, 74).

Many universities are taking advantages of upgrading lighting. For example, the University of Missouri at Columbia has placed the newest lighting technology in only 35 percent of its structures and is currently saving over 4.5 million kilowatt hours, and $320,000 annually (Canalos and Mroz, 31). The City University of New York also implemented a lighting retrofit program and estimates its savings at 3.6 million annually (Canalos and Mroz, 31).

A lighting retrofit program has many goals, some of which are easier to achieve than others. The realistic goals include the following:

• Decrease the electricity used to light a building or space.
• Decrease long-term operating costs for lighting, including electricity.
• Decrease labor for replacing lamps on a regular basis.
• Maintain or enhance lighting quality.
• Dispose of wastes correctly.

The harder to achieve goals include:

• Improve the knowledge about and records of lighting and building systems on campus.
• Utilize dollars produced from avoided costs to fund new retrofit projects.

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• Educate building users about their electricity use. (Creighton 75)

There are numerous benefits from a lighting retrofit program besides improved lighting quality, financial savings, and better lighting efficiency. Other benefits are more efficient lamps and light, lamps with a longer life, cleaner fixtures, lighting inventory, removal of PCB's, and no flicker or hum (Creighton, 76). Another benefit is the impact on the cooling load or the amount of waste heat removed by air conditioning. Lights release energy in the form of heat as well as light. Inefficient lighting causes the production of a larger amount of waste heat. In warmer weather, when the wasted heat is generated it results in an increase in the amount energy it takes to cool a building. Thus, increasing lighting efficiency directly leads to a reduction on air conditioning needs. On the other hand, in colder weather lighting contributes to heating buildings and therefore reduces the amount of heat needed from a heating system. However, it is almost always cheaper and more environmentally responsible to obtain that heat from a central boiler than to acquire it from light bulbs (Creighton, 75)

A second key benefit from a lighting upgrade is a reduction in the demand for electricity from a transformer, which leads to the transformer increasing its available capacity. Thus, the transformer obtains the ability to provide service to more buildings. This increased service can be utilized for facility expansion or the addition of equipment. Hence, lighting upgrades have the potential to be cost-effective because of saved costs of buying a new transformer to energize these projects. (Creighton, 76)

A third important benefit is the amplified environmental awareness of the building users. Lighting upgrades in conjunction with an outreach effort can result in enhancing one's public image by bringing environmental issues to the public's attention.

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For example, the Park Plaza Hotel in Boston completed several environmental improvements including the use of compact fluorescent lights in its rooms. Publicity of these improvements enabled the hotel to utilize them as a selling feature. Hence, these programs should yield similar results in residential halls of universities if publicized correctly. (Creighton, 76)

Emory University has started several lighting retrofit programs. Facilities Management has begun replacing larger diameter T-12 bulbs with more efficient T-8 bulbs in one residence hall. The T-8 and T-12 lamps are fluorescent lamps. This means they contain gas instead of wire filaments. They work by utilizing electrical currents to make the gas atoms glow, producing light with very little heat. Two T-8 bulbs require only I ballast where two T- 12 bulbs require 2 ballasts. A ballast is a device that charges the electrical current in fluorescent lights. Ballasts are expensive and consume energy. The results of changing the bulbs have been phenomenal. In University Apartments, Emory is saving approximately $800 per month (Emory Department of Residential Services). Furthermore, Emory is saving money in maintenance costs, because the lights do not have to be replaced as often. Emory has not replaced the T- 12 lights in Turman Residential Center. Moreover, the T-12 lights have not been replaced in the majority of the residence halls in which they are found in almost every dorm room and in the hallways, bathrooms, study lounges, and stairwells. Hence, there are abundant savings that have yet to be realized. The following exhibit displays how Emory will benefit financially by upgrading the lights in Turman Residential Center.

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Cost Analysis of Conversion of T-12 Lights to T-8 Lights in Turman Residential Center

This graph looks at components of replacing the lights in Turman Residential Center. By determining the number of lights that can be replaced and all the costs associated with its replacement Emory can obtain a net savings of more than $14,000 over the lifetime of the lights. Thus if all the lights were replaced with T-8's instead of T-12's in 5 1 months, Facilities Management would break even from the investment in purchasing the new lights, Furthermore- the T-8 lights would require less electricity and result in decreasing

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pollution from carbon emissions by approximately the same amount as removing 6 cars from the road this year.

Supplemental Lighting

Emory can further develop their lighting retrofit programs by looking at how students utilize supplemental lighting. Emory recommends that incoming students bring a desk lamp with them. However, Emory makes no recommendations about what type of desk lamp to bring. According to a study done by students at Brown University, there are three main types of supplemental lighting: incandescent, halogen, and compact fluorescent. An electricity project conducted at Brown University concluded that halogens use about twice as much electricity as incandescent light bulbs and over 5 times as much as compact fluorescents (ENVS 11 Brown University, 3). Emory's Department of Residence Life states that halogen torchiere lighting is not allowed in the residence halls. However, after reviewing the literature sent out to the incoming residents, I could not find any place where this policy was stated. Furthermore, several halogen lamps are currently being used as supplemental lighting in the rooms of Turman Residential Center. Therefore, the policy is not being strictly enforced. Halogen floor lamps or torchiere have caused numerous fires in residence halls at colleges around the country. The fixtures use 300 to 500 watts of power reaching bulb temperatures of 750 to 1100 degrees Fahrenheit. They are responsible for causing approximately 189 fires and 11 deaths in the United States since the Consumer Product Safety Commission first began tracking them in 1991 (Calweel and Teichert, 1). The lights have started fires by igniting sheets from bunk beds, catching curtains or draperies on fire, and igniting artificial plants, clothing, or posters in dorm rooms. Students seem to like the halogen lamps because of the country's

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2 million dormitories, residing students have about 600,000 to 1 million halogen torchieres (Calweel and Teichert, 2). They are appealing to students because of there low cost and the vast amount of white light that they emit on the ceiling which results in reflecting a diffuse glow back in the room. Halogen torchieres generally cost more to operate each year than their selling price (average of $20-$40 of electricity per year depending on usage and rate), but the university pays the energy bill (Calweel and Teichert, 2).

There are good alternatives to traditional halogen lighting. The foremost is Energy Star torchieres, which operate at a temperature of about 100 degrees Fahrenheit and reduce electrical consumption by 70-80 percent compared to typical halogens. Harvard and Stanford universities have led initiatives in developing the first commercially feasible fluorescent torchiere prototypes in conjunction with Energy Federation Inc. and Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory and Emess Lighting, respectively (Calwell and Teichert, 2). The resulting savings for universities include a decrease in energy bills, a reduction in liability exposure, and a potential reduction in insurance bills. (Calweel and Teichert, 2)

Exit Lights

Emory has also begun a retrofit program on its exit lights. Emory started replacing existing exit lights with new light emitting diode (LED) exit lights. The new LED lights have a longer lifetime and require less maintenance. In the Turman Residential Center and Turman West, incandescent exit lights are currently used. The following chart displays the benefits of converting these 79 incandescent exit lights to LED exit lights.

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Proposed LED Exit Light Retrofit for Turman Residential Center and Turman West

This graph states that by replacing all 79 exit signs with LEDs, instead of using the same incandescents that are currently used, a net lifetime savings of almost $14,000 can be obtained. A little over a year and a half will be needed to payback the initial Investment of the new exit signs. Electricity savings will result in reducing pollution from carbon emissions by an amount, which is approximately the same as removing 3 cars from the road this year.

The new LED exit signs have a longer life than existing incandescent exit signs as well as easier installation. This retrofit is becoming very popular at Emory and other institutions and businesses, because it yields large savings.

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Light Sensors

Emory has begun to install light sensors in some buildings on campus. There are several issues to look at when trying to identify locations to install these sensors in residence halls. First is a safety issue. The lights in the hallways and stairwells remain on all day until lights out (8am-12am), which is a policy, set by the University. Hence, light sensors that completely turned out these lights would breach that policy. Perhaps in the future Residential Services may look into placing light sensors in the hallways that only reduce the lights by a percentage. Thus, adhering to safety policies and simultaneously conserving energy.

Light sensors have been used effectively in offices because the average single person office is occupied for only 4 hours each day (ENVS 11 Brown University, 20). The average dorm room is probably about the same. However, placing light sensors in dorm rooms may infringe upon the rights of the occupants and would not function well because they would turn on the lights while the occupant/s were sleeping if movement or noise was detected. One location in which the light sensors seem beneficial is in the bathrooms. On a whole, the lights in the bathrooms remain on 24 hours a day. Here using sensors seems appropriate. Movement as well as noise can activate light sensors, thus, alleviating the possibility of the lights turning off while one is in the shower or on the toilet.

Light sensors are beneficial because, regardless of the energy efficiency of the bulbs, a 35 to 45 percent of energy savings can be obtained for fixtures controlled by occupancy sensors, provided that the sensor is primarily on automatic (ENVS 11 Brown University, 20). Residential Services at Emory estimated that installing light sensors in

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Turman bathrooms would result in a 60% decrease in light usage. There are 14 common bathrooms in Turman each of which contain 12 T-12 incandescent lights The following chart explains the savings from using a light sensor in these bathrooms.

Proposal for placing light sensors in bathrooms for Turman Residential Center

The light sensors provide positive financial returns regardless of whether they are used with T-8 lights or T- 12 lights. The graph displays that larger savings are identified with the T- 12 lights but the T- 12 lights are much less efficient than the T-8 lights. A reduction of about 14 hours of usage per day will result from using the light sensors. This savings in electricity usage is large when you consider 14 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. The result is lifetime net savings of over $22,000 if T-8 lights are in place. Moreover, a reduction in carbon emissions can be realized that is equivalent to removing 4 cars from the road this year. The initial investment of purchasing these light sensors and using them with T-8 lights can be paid back in about 14 months.

Lighting Initiatives

One option for Emory to enhance its lighting upgrades is to join the EPA Green Lights program. This voluntary program supports energy efficiency through lighting retrofits. The university signs a memorandum of understanding with the EPA committing itself to upgrading its lights and improving its efficiency in 90 percent of its built space or until it is profitable. The EPA provides basic technical assistance, regular newsletters, workshops, consultations, and makes computer software available. Over 120 educational institutions have joined the program including Tufts, Columbia University, and Bucknell University. (Creighton, 77). Green Lights members make a public commitment to energy-efficient lighting and implement a program to change their practices. By signing the Green Light agreement Emory would be given the opportunity to publicize its commitment to energy efficiency and its related cost avoidance to the environment. The agreement should be signed by a top administrator in order to stress the university's pledge. An energy manager or other environmental leader can use the

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process of signing the agreement to aid administrators to understand the benefits and capital investments of this commitment. Emory decided against joining the Green Lights program because of the demand on too much paper work. According to Emory energy manager Keith Curtis, "I advised the COE (Committee on the Environment) not to join because the program required us to spend a lot of time and effort on surveys that were of no benefit to Emory University." Thus, the University did not feel that it had available resources to commit to such a project and that although it was beneficial to numerous other campuses, Emory wouldn't benefit.

Other Equipment

The heating and cooling systems and the lights make up the larger percent of the electricity used in a residence hall. However, other sources that consume energy should be examined. Whenever an educational institution purchases energy consuming equipment, the most cost-effective choice is normally the most efficient product on the market (Creighton, 70). At times, replacing equipment with more efficient newer models is cost-effective and better for the environment, even if the older products are functioning appropriately. A general rule is that the older, bigger, or more widely utilized the equipment, the more cost-effective its replacement (Creighton 70).

Computers

Computers are the fastest-growing electricity consumers in the business world. With the increase of technology, there has been an increase in the purchase of computers, which has led to an increase in electrical consumption. Computers account for five percent of commercial electricity usage and are projected to increase to 10% in the year 2000 (Teichert, 3). Research shows that the majority of the time personal computers are

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left on, and therefore most of this electricity is wasted. Approximately 30-40 percent of personal Computers are left running at night and during the weekends (Teichert, 3). The best tactic for computers to conserve energy is. simply to turn them off while they are not in use. One can either manually turn off the computer or install a computer program that puts the computer to sleep when it's not in use A screen saver only is good for saving phosphors, because the screen uses 70-80 percent of the computer's total energy (ENVS 11 Brown University, 6). A 50 percent energy reduction has occurred when thorough energy waste prevention techniques are implemented.

Turman East houses a small computer lab with 9 computers and 1 printer. Four of these computers have the energy star label on them. The others are quite old and are not energy star certified. The estimated operational savings from replacing them with energy star computers are compiled in the following table.

Although these operational savings do not Justify purchasing a new computer, there are several changes Emory can undertake to increase the efficiency of computer usage on campus. First, Emory should support students using laptops instead of desktop computers. Laptops only use 15 watts of power compared to the 130 used by desktop computers. Thus, desktops yield a potential of 90 percent savings in energy consumption

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(ENVS 11 Brown University, 6). Laptops also have benefits, such as increase flexibility, more desk space, and a reduction in electric and magnetic field emissions (ENVS 11 Brown University, 6). Second Emory should give students and staff materials about which computers have an Energy Star rating and thus are more energy efficient, because they offer energy saving software features.

Refrigerators

The refrigerator consumes the most energy of all appliances (ENVS 11 Brown University, 7). In 1993, federal efficiency standards were created, requiring new refrigerators to be more efficient than in the past (DOE). Mainly because of these standards, the energy efficiency of refrigerators has improved dramatically over the past 20 years. Even in the last two years refrigerator efficiency has improved by 20 to 25 percent thanks to federal appliance standards (RMI NewsBrief). Different sizes and classes of refrigerators have standards for the maximum acceptable annual energy consumption established by the Department of Energy (DOE). The usual new refrigerator with automatic defrost and top-mounted freezer energy bill will be approximately $55/year compared to a typical model sold in 1973 that averaged about $160/year (DOE). To put it differently, the average standard sized refrigerator consumes 685 kilowatt-hours per year. New energy efficient refrigerators use over 50 percent less electricity (ENVS 11 Brown University, 7). The majority of the energy consumed by a refrigerator is utilized to pump heat out of the cabinet. A small amount is used to prevent the cabinet from sweating, to defrost the refrigerator, and to illuminate the interior (DOE).

Although many energy-efficient products may be more costly to buy, they will be cheaper to operate over the lifetime of the appliance. For instance, a high-priced model

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could pay for itself in just over three years, Over the estimated 15-year lifetime, the more expensive refrigerator could save $750 (DOE). Federal law mandates that energy guide labels be placed on all new refrigerators. The labels are bright yellow with black lettering. The Energy Guide label on new refrigerators states the amount of electricity in kilowatthours a particular model consumes in one year. In addition to the EnergyGuide label, a new refrigerator with an ENERGY STAR label will save between $35 and $70 in energy, expenses a year compared to the models designed a decade ago. The result is a saving, between $525 and $1050 over the average 15- to 20-year life of the product (DOE).

The large refrigerators in the Turman Residential Center are estimated all to be over 7 years old (William Thompson, pers. comm.). Emory University currently has a contract with General Electric to buy refrigerators. General Electric offers a variety of EnergyStar approved refrigerators. Emory has not replaced existing, refrigerators because, according to Residential Services, their current policy is to not buy new refrigerators unless they are broken. In Turman there are 6 common refrigerators and 18 large refrigerators in the rooms of Turman South. They are manufactured by Gibson and use approximately 1200 kilowatt-hours per year. The following table describes the estimated savings of replacing the currently used Gibson refrigerator with a General Electric EnergyStar refrigerator model #TBH-18JAB.

cubic space, and has many other amenities not found in the older Gibson model. There are many other models manufactured by General Electric. Emory needs to keep in mind functionality and cost-effectiveness when the time comes to select a new refrigerator. The following is a list of tips provided by the DOE to consider when purchasing a new refrigerator.

Tips for Buying a New Refrigerator

• Top freezer models are more efficient (use 7-13% less energy) than side-by-side models.
• Manual defrost models use half the energy of automatic defrost models but must be defrosted periodically to remain energy efficient.
• Automatic icemakers and through-the-door dispensers will increase energy use by 14 to 20% and increase the purchase price by about $75-250.
• Models with an anti-sweat heater will consume 5% to 10% more energy. Look for a model that has an "energy saver" switch that allows you to turn off or turn down the heating coils (which prevent condensation).
• The most energy-efficient models are in the 16-20 cubic foot sizes. Generally, the larger the refrigerator, the greater the energy consumption. Too large a model will waste space and energy; too small a model could mean extra trips to the supermarket.
• It is usually less costly to run one larger refrigerator than two smaller ones.
• If two different sized refrigerators use the same amount of energy, the larger model can be considered more efficient because it keeps more space cold with the same amount of electricity.

Many students purchase small refrigerators for their rooms. Emory has limited students to having only one refrigerator per room. Some students choose to bring refrigerators from home where others will rent them for the year from MicroFridge. A MicroFridge has a refrigerator with a freezer and a microwave on top. Regardless of which refrigerator students have in their rooms, Facilities Management could place stickers on the refrigerators that inform the users about energy consumption. In addition, students can be notified prior to school that they may not need a refrigerator in their room, because common refrigerators are available. The majority of the students have

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small refrigerators in their rooms. Most of the residents are not aware that their refrigerators consume high amounts of electricity.

If Emory decides not to replace the refrigerators in the common areas the DOE also provides a list for reducing energy usage from refrigerators. This list displayed in Appendix B could be posted by the refrigerator in the kitchen and in student's rooms in the 2nd and 3rd floors of Turman South to inform students and the maintenance staff about what to do to enhance the refrigerator's energy efficiency.

Microwave Ovens

The most economical mediums for cooking are microwave ovens. They use only one third of the energy needed by conventional ovens. The typical dish requires on average only 3 cents of energy from a microwave, while an electrical oven uses 16 cents of electricity and gas uses 7 cents of electricity (ENVS 11 Brown University, 7). Emory policy only allows the MicroFridge microwave oven in the residence hall rooms. This decision was not based upon Emory's effort to be energy efficient, but rather facilities management concern about blowing fuses because of an overload on plug loads.

Washers and Dryers

A typical household performs about 400 loads of laundry a year and uses on average 40 gallons of water per load with a conventional washer (EPA, EnergyStar). Today numerous improvements have also been made in washer technology. A full-size EnergyStar clothes washer only would require 20 to 25 gallons of water to wash the same number of loads. The result is a saving of about 7,000 gallons of water per year as well as the amount of energy it takes to heat that water (EPA, EnergyStar). For EnergyStar washing machines two main designs exist. First, front loading models are horizontal-axis

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or tumble load machines similar to those used in Laundromats. Clothes aren't moved around a central axis but rather they are repeatedly lifted and then dropped. Second, toploading washers utilize sensor technology to carefully control the incoming water temperature. Instead of soaking clothes in a full tub of rinse water, these machines reduce water consumption by spraying clothes with high-pressure rinses that removes the soap residue. These EnergyStar washers use about 50 percent less water and 30 to 40 percent less energy per load. Furthermore, the designs cause less wear and tear on the clothes and fit larger items like blankets more easily. Moreover, a reduction in water usage equals a decrease in drying time which, can result in more energy savings (EPA, EnergyStar).

Dryers have also improved in efficiency over the years. The clothes dryer is the second largest consumer of electricity behind the refrigerator. The average dryer costs about $85 a year to operate and about $1100 over its lifetime (DOE). Some newer clothes dryers have the ability to remove moisture more efficiently, contain moisture sensors, and have automatic shut-off controls to prevent over-drying (DOE). A dryer's purpose is to heat and aerate clothes. An energy factor is the term used to measure a dryer's efficiency. The measure calculates the pounds of clothing per kilowatt-hour of electricity. The minimum ratings for a standard capacity electric and gas dryer are 3.01 and 2.67 respectively (DOE). Natural gas is assumed to be the primary fuel source for the gas dryer. Dryers differ from the other appliances in that they are not required to display EnergyGuide labels because energy consumption doesn't vary significantly amongst different models (DOE). A typical load of laundry in an electric dryer is estimated to cost 30 to 40 cents, while a gas dryer costs 15 to 20 cents (DOE).

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The residence halls at Emory provide students with washers and dryers. In the Turman Residential Center, there 15 washers and 16 gas dryers that are about 7 years old. The dryers are manufactured by Maytag, and consume on average 24,000 Btu/load. Maytag also manufactured 14 of the washers and EcoClean made the other one. The newer Maytag dryers may offer more features but have similar energy wconsumption. The Maytag washers consume on average .15 kilowatt-hours and 31.5 gallons per load. There are newer, high efficiency, front loader asher machines manufactured by Maytag that use only .1 kilowatt-hours and on average 21 gallons of water per load. If we assume that the average Emory student in Turman does 2 loads of laundry a week, then on average in the 1998-1999 school year, there were 395 occupants who washed their clothes about 2 times a week. There are about 15 weeks in the semester and 2 semesters in the regular school year. (The cost/1000 gallons is $1.60 for incoming water and $1.90/1000 gallon for outgoing water (Department, of Residential Services)). The following tables describe the energy consumption from using the dryers and washers.

Due to such a long payback period, keeping the current machines until they need to be replaced might be better.

Although the modern dryers use approximately the same amount of natural gas as the current ones, they still can be operated more efficiently. The DOE developed a list of recornmendations about how to use a dryer more efficiently. See APPENDIX C. In Turman this list could be posted in the laundry room to inform residents about how to maximize their efficiency while drying clothes.

Coke Machines

A coke machine is basically a refrigerator. A patron inserts money and in exchange receives a cold beverage. Other than the deposit of money. the biggest difference between a coke machine and a regular commercial refrigerator is that the light in a refrigerator goes off when the refrigerator door is closed. However, with coke machines the light remains on for 24 hours a day. The majority of the cold drink machines are lit up from top to bottom. The typical lights used in new machines are 5' fluorescents (two bulbs) with a combined wattage of 170 watts (2-T-12 high output). Furthermore, the ballasts require another 20 percent of energy, hence, yielding a total of 204 watts needed per hour per machine (www.wattwatchers.utep.edu/vending/html). The following table displays the yearly costs of lighting these machines in Turman Residential Center.

Since the machine is plugged in at Turman, Emory is responsible for the energy bill. Thus Emory could save $241. 25 a year in Turman Residential Center by asking the service person for the machine to disconnect the ballast and bulbs.

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Where to do we go from here?

All of the proposed retrofits mentioned have financial and environmental implications. In order to perform these retrofits Emory needs to have access to the initial capital to provide the money for the equipment or appliances. Through buying efficient equipment and appliances, Emory will begin to realize benefits through lower operating and maintenance costs. Furthermore, the equipment will produce less harmful pollutants and therefore lower the negative impact Emory exerts on the environment.

How do retrofits affect the bottom line?

By replacing existing equipment with newer, more efficient models Emory can realize a sizable financial gain. The following chart displays Emory's 1999-2000 housing budget and the budget for the Turman Residential Center.

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Residential Services FY1999-2000 Budget Emory University

Energy costs account for 11 percent of the total housing budget. The total budget consists of the revenue from all residence halls. Each residence hall has its own budget as well. The Turman Residential Center's budget allows 9 percent of the revenues to be allocated towards energy costs. Electricity and gas make up 61 percent of the energy budget of about $106,000 for the 1999-2000 fiscal year. By performing the proposed retrofits on the boiler, water heater, and lighting, Emory can save about $11,6210 annually. (This figure may differ per year based on implementation strategy). This reduction would lower the Turman Residential Center energy budget by 68 percent. Thus, if all residence halls on campus could realize similar savings this it could significantly reduce the need to increase the total housing budget by 4.5 percent.

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Environmental Impact of Humans

Many years ago, 102 Nobel Prize awarded scientists and 1600 of their renowned colleagues formulated a serious document called "World Scientists Warning to Humanity." They stated:

Human beings and the natural world are on a COLLISION COURSE ... If not checked, many of our current practices put at serious risk the future that we wish for human society and ... may so alter the living world that we will be unable to sustain life in the manner that we know. . . (Green Destiny Council)

Human activity causes vast amounts of gas to be released into the atmosphere, which traps the sun's heat. This occurrence is known as the "greenhouse effect" which leads to global warming, an incredibly serious problem for the entire planet. The burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, produces carbon dioxide, a prominent greenhouse gas. In addition, other gases are produced which result in smog and acid rain (Green Destiny Council). The United States is responsible for consuming about 25 percent of the world's energy while only accounting for approximately 5 percent of the population (Georgia Energy Data). Furthermore, the United States releases one fourth of the 20 billion tons of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere each year ((ENVS 11 Brown University, 5). In 1995 the United States used 941 million tons of coal, 21,581 billion cubic feet of natural gas, and 6,469 million barrels of petroleum (Georgia Energy Data). Therefore, hourly consumption of over 100,000 tons of coal, 2.5 billion cubic feet of natural gas, and 738,000 barrels of petroleum, uses sufficient energy equivalent to flying around the world 2,500 times (Georgia Energy Data).

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Energy Usage in Georgia

Since 1970 energy usage in Georgia has increased immensely. In 1995 Georgia's main sources of energy included the following:

• 31.3 million short tons of coal
• 370 billion cubic feet of natural gas
• 177.7 million barrels of oil
• 492 trillion Btu of electricity from nuclear generation and from hydroelectric, biofuels, and other renewable energy sources. (Georgia Energy Data)

Georgians used over twice the amount of energy in 1995 then they did in 1970. In 1970 Georgia's energy usage consisted of 1.8 percent of the total consumed in the United States. By 1980 that percentage increased to 2.1 percent and in 1995 reached 2.8 percent of the total United States consumption. This placed Georgia 12th amongst all states in terms of energy usage (Georgia Energy Data).

During the same period, US consumption increased by 36 percent. However, the trends in consumption differed between Georgia and the United States as a whole. Petroleum was the leading energy source consumed in the state and the country, but there was a difference in the next highest consumed energy source. Since 1975, Georgia has consumed coal where the remainder of the United States has consumed natural gas in the number two spot (Georgia Energy Data). Per capita energy usage in Georgia rose by 32%, from 264 million Btu in 1970, to 349 million Btu in 1995. Over the same time, the national per capita energy usage increased at a slower rate of about 6% from 326 million Btu to 344 million Btu. The result was that Georgia surpassed the national average by 4 million Btu in 1995 (Georgia Energy Data).

In 1997 Georgia's Primary activity that consumed energy was the generation of electricity. In 1995, 42 percent of all electricity used in the state was used to generate

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electricity. Where as in 1970 only 23 percent of energy was used to produce electricity. Nationally, in 1995, electric utilities were responsible for 35 percent of total energy consumption compared to 25 percent in 1970 (Georgia Energy Data).

Where does Emory Fit In?

In the United States electricity is responsible for 35 percent of all emissions of carbon dioxide, 75% of all sulfur dioxide, and 38% of all nitrogen oxides (Teichert, 1). Each kilowatt-hour of electricity results in over two pounds of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere (ENVS 11 Brown University, 5).

Hence, the United States consumes more energy than the average country and the state of Georgia consumes more energy than the average state. Emory University is a part of this trend. Emory's usage of kilowatt- hours has steadily increased over the past three years. Emory substation electricity consumption for the years of 1996 to 1999 was the following:

FY 96-97: 200,771,583 kWh
FY 97-98: 208,843,299 kWh
FY 98-99: 211,494,819 kWh (Keith Curtis pers. comm.)

To attempt to place Emory's consumption in perspective, according to the EPA, 3450 kilowatt-hours per year is equivalent to one acre of trees planted (C02), 7060 kilowatt-hours per year is equivalent to one car removed from the road (C02), and 11 kilowatt-hours per year is equivalent to one gallon of gasoline saved (energy). (University of Pennsylvania Campus Environmental Audit, 3) Emory University has never performed a comprehensive environmental audit. However, if such a small number of kilowatt hours can provide such tangible savings in terms of reduced pollution, then the actions of one residence hall could inspire other residence halls which could catalyze

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changes in the behavior of students who utilize other facilities. The final result can be a very large reduction in emissions Furthermore, Emory's reduction can inspire other educational institutions and the list can continue.

The following pie chart shows the breakdown of energy consumption at Emory University in the fiscal year of 1989-1990 (Emory University Facilities Management).

Emory Electrical Use for Fiscal Year 89-90

Since dormitories only accounted for 4% of total electrical consumption energy managers at Emory have not concentrated on retrofits to these buildings until recently. There has not been an updated breakdown of electrical consumption performed since 1990. However, as renovations in dormitories have occurred, such as the inclusion of ethernet access for the internet, cable TV, and an increase in students who possess

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refrigerators, the electrical consumption in dormitories has possibly increased. Furthermore, even if the dormitories currently only account for a minute portion of the total usage, the residents of these halls are the individuals who utilize the other facilities. Shaping residents' behaviors at home could lead to changes in their energy usage in the classrooms, laboratories, and other buildings.

The Environmental Impact of the Turman Residential Center

From October of 1997 to August of 1999, the Turman Residential Center has consumed 2.913,840 kWh. The following chart shows the amount of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides released from electrical use in the Turman Residential Center.

Natural gas is consumed primarily by the boiler and water heater in the Turman Residential Center. The following chart displays the consumption of natural gas and the pollutants emitted from its consumption between August of 1998 and February of 2000.

Turman Residential Center Natural Gas Consumption and Pollutants

From August of 1998 to August of 1999 Turman Residential Center emitted a total of 1,467,769.44 pounds of carbon dioxide, 16,102.11 pounds of nitrogen oxides and 35,920.10 pounds of sulfur oxides from electrical and natural gas consumption. These

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amounts are equivalent to 898 acres of trees, 439 cars on the road, or 281,505 gallons of gasoline consumed. These data take into account that for the month of June there was no recorded gas consumption.

Behavior and Education

Student Behavior

A university's involvement in the stewardship of its place on earth may lead to a healthier environment, but more important, it offers extraordinary opportunities for student learning ... No longer just a setting where education happens, the campus becomes afield station for applied scientific study, a place where academic lessons can be grounded in reality .... Students are asked to look around them, ask hard questions, voice their concerns, and make a personal contribution toward understanding and improving both the community and the land. -David Eagan, Co-Editor, The Campus and Environmental Responsibility (Center for Environmental Citizenship)

It is important to not only look at how technological changes can affect the efficiency of energy use but also to look at how changes in the behavior of the residents can lead to a reduction in the consumption of energy. Residence halls generate all the environmental impacts detected in offices and single-family homes, such as solid waste, water pollution, air pollution, and toxics use. The condition and operation of the residence hall plays a key role in shaping the extent of these impacts (Creighton, 265). Furthermore, the residents' habits and practices also alter the environmental footprint. The residents of the Turman Residential Center and other dormitories have opportunities to utilize their living facilities in ways that are wasteful or environmentally friendly. Some students are motivated to conserve energy while other students are discouraged when they feel that the high cost of room and board entitles them to all the electricity, heat, air conditioning, water, and waste generation they want. In many cases at Emory University, the latter seems to be the case. Environmental leaders and the members of campus life, including resident directors, resident advisors, and sophomore

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advisors, can be very influential in educating the students on their halls about the financial and environmental costs of leaving the air conditioning or heat on all day, excessively long showers, or leaving the lights on in their rooms.

One means by which members of campus life can communicate the importance of these environmental costs is by making a reminder list and placing it in the hallways of each floor. An example of such a list may include the following (Creighton 265):

Ways You Can Help The Environment

• Turn off lights and equipment when not in use.
• Don't use the toilet as a trash can.
• Take short showers.
• Wash full loads of laundry.
• Reuse scrap paper.
• Recycle used cans, bottles, and paper.
• Cook efficiently by covering pots and using smallest burners.
• Don't preheat ovens longer than needed.

If residents are expected to follow such guidelines, they must first know that the university really cares about energy conservation. Thus, during new student orientation or early in the school year, members of campus life can hold a hall program in which an energy manager speaks to residents about the investments in technological improvements that Emory has implemented in their dormitory. This event would coincide with the idea of community that residence halls strive to attain. According to the Resident Advisor Manual,

A community transmits common goals and values. It fosters the ability to achieve deeper more intimate relationships with people, frees interpersonal relationships, and increases self-acceptance and acceptance of others. It aids in shaping and developing a sense of personal integrity and ethics, shapes attitudes and values, and modifies human behavior in a positive direction.

Hence, explaining the communal financially and environmentally benefits for these improvements to their dormitory, conserving energy can enrich the residents sense of

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community. In addition, this expert could share with the residents how they are personally affected in housing rates by the usage of energy. In order for the members of campus life to be able to deal with environmental issues more effectively, they must understand them first. A single dripping faucet can cost $200 to $500 worth of water in one year, and a leaking toilet can waste many gallons of water an hour (Creighton 267). The simplest and most effective energy saving act is to turn off lights and equipment when they are not needed (Creighton, 218). Facilities Management, the Housing Department, Department of Campus Life, and fellow students can encourage residence hall inhabitants to act as environmental stewards in their halls and for the environment through mitigating these wasteful occurrences. An environmental stewardship program can enable members of campus life to be more informed. A successful program needs to include training of residence hall coordinators, timely follow up of reported leaks or other problems, and recognition and reward for taking the initiative to serve as a residence hall steward. University administrators can incorporate environmental stewardship into the training programs for members of campus life. The endeavor can be organized to promote and reward students to take responsibility for their living space (Creighton 267). The following list indicates ways in which students can help Facilities Management improve residence halls (Creighton)

• Check actual building temperatures, thermostat locations and settings
• Identify doors that are regularly ajar or fall to close automatically
• Identify entrances where airlocks are not functioning properly
• Record locations where windows are open in cold months
• Identify storm windows that need repair or not used
• Evaluate complaints about areas that are regularly overheated or underheated.

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Providing students feedback about their progress is an important way to obtain and secure student participation in energy conservation efforts. Research has proven that feedback and information about personal resource consumption can positively effect behavior (Creighton 266). For example, at the University of New Hampshire an energy manager instituted a "flip the switch" campaign. Monthly graphs were printed displaying how the recent month's electricity bill compared to previous months and with the same period in past years. The result of the campaign was a significant reduction in electrical consumption and a means by which people could see the calculated results of their efforts (Creighton 266). Emory has the capability to provide a similar program by using resources in Facilities Management and Residential Services.

Another way to retain the attention and participation of students in environmental stewardship programs is through creating a competition. A competition develops awareness and measures the effectiveness of personal action to reduce energy consumption and waste production. The National Wildlife Campus Ecology Program has instituted a competition amongst dormitories called the Green Cup (http://www.nwf.org/campus.). This competition has been held at universities throughout the United States. The competition consists of events that differ amongst schools but typically include monthly reductions of electricity use, increased collection of recyclables, and water conservation (Creighton, 268).

Education

There is a rising consensus among a large range of individuals, the scientific community, and national and international organizations that current strategies to satisfy human needs are unsustainable. In order to meet future demands of society, individuals

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and institutions worldwide need to shift their thinking, values, and actions to encompass a long-term societal effort to make the environment and sustainability a central theme in education. To achieve a sustainable future, colleges and universities must provide awareness, knowledge, skills, and values that prepare individuals to follow life goals in a way that sustains human and non-human well-being for all present and future generations. There are 3,800 institutions of higher learning in the United States that equip most of the professionals who develop, manage, and teach in society. Thus, the education that students are provided plays a significant role in how society defines and realizes its goals (Cortese, 1). Therefore, another way to enhance an environmental stewardship program is by increasing the environmental education in the classroom. According to Anthony Cortese, CEO of Second Nature:

Colleges, universities, and professional schools educate most of the people who develop and manage society's institutions and train the teachers who educate children from kindergarten through high school, vocational schools and community colleges. For these reasons, universities bear profound responsibilities to increase the awareness, knowledge, technologies and tools to create environmentally sustainable future.

By covering environmental issues in different departments at Emory students can become more aware of how the environment affects the subjects in which they are most interested. David Orr, professor and author of Ecological Literacy, elaborated on the idea of environmental education when he stated:

The first recognition is that all education is environmental education. By what is included or excluded, emphasized or ignored, students learn that they are a part of or apart from the natural world ... Environmental issues are complex and cannot be understood through a single discipline or department ... The danger lies in the possibility, even probability, that environmental studies departments will become just another jealously guarded, closed, academic fiefdom, and will fail to catalyze ecological thinking. (Center for Environmental Citizenship)

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Campuses are the places where cutting-edge research and development occurs. Hence a curriculum that engages students "in the planning and design of sustainable landscapes, buildings, and energy systems is not only a service to the earth, it is a service to the future health and well-being of all creatures" (Cortese). Hence, by developing classes in the Department of Environmental Studies that specialize on campus energy efficiency student support can be increased and another resource for Facilities Management and Residential Services created. For example, at Brown University the Center for Environmental Studies offers classes in which students can conduct research and analysis to support maintenance staff, faculty, and departmental staff in their endeavors to improve energy efficiency of campus buildings (Pleasant, 14). One example of a project on which environmental studies students at Brown work in collaboration with faculty and Facilities Management, was the renovations of the GeoChem building. Students performed studies of energy consumption patterns and researched proposed solutions. Furthermore, they explored the reactions of the users of the buildings to those resolutions if implemented. The Facilities Management Department planned the more complicated implementation of the building's mechanical and electrical systems. The faculty provided information about how the building was currently being used for research and teaching and worked with students to identify places for behavioral change. Hence, the GeoChem retrofit was a success because of the cooperation amongst the three different groups. This process is now utilized for campus departmental organization and the planning for all new construction (Pleasant, 15).

In developing this new course or courses establishing a strong framework and support from the university is important. One way to go about this task is by assembling

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a group of students, faculty, alumni, and outside experts to produce a report on the quality of the current environmental course offerings. The next step is to publicize and distribute the report and to make recommendations for the environmental studies courses. Finally, a university commitment to provide funding for the costs of environmental studies course and administration, and to supply resources to hire and appoint faculty members and staff to teach such courses must be made (Center for Environmental Citizenship).

Emory needs to develop an awareness campaign to better inform consumers of the implications of energy use both locally and globally. This campaign would help enhance the university's collective sense of responsibility about energy as individuals perform their daily routines. All of the ideas expressed above including speakers, workshops, expanding curriculum, and competition can be included in the campaign. Moreover, placing posters in hallways, stickers on mirrors, and notices by appliances can serve as reminders to inhabitants of Emory to think about their behavior in relation to energy conservation. If students are not integrally involved in the awareness campaign then the program is not likely to succeed. Hence, the need for Emory students to be well aware of all the incentives for conserving energy is pivotal. Thus, computing energy savings and showing students how the money can be allocated elsewhere to benefit them is a necessity. Whether it is decreasing housing rates, increasing financial aid, or adding new academic programs, students need to know that their efforts are making a difference. Hence, by increasing energy conservation the Emory community can help release university funds for instrumental academic priorities (CEPCO, 13).

Thus, environmental stewardship can increase awareness of environmental issues, beneficial to the university as a financial and human resource, and encourage incoming

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students to attend. Very few universities have explored the option of environmental stewardship to attract students and funding. Innovative progressive programs have the potential to attract students, alumni, and foundations. Hence, environmental stewardship is a possible source of competitive advantage for a university. However, for the program to be successful over time, the promoters need to be consistent, accurate, humble, and open to new ideas (Creighton 46). Environmental stewardship efforts also can aid in building a sense of community and purpose. Environmental leaders can utilize publicity, such as the campus newspaper or radio, to recognize important and innovative efforts as well as promote a positive image to the university and community (Creighton 46). Another way to attract support is to develop a web page where students, faculty, and staff can express their opinions about energy conservation and be informed about current updates. The Green Destiny Council at Penn State University currently operates a web page through the university where students can show their support for energy conservation, find out about projects and initiatives, learn about current news, and see environmental reports conducted for the campus. Students can directly get involved with the initiative by signing a pledge that advocates adopting a plan to reduce Penn State's energy consumption by 10 percent; and to increase the energy share coming form renewable resources to 10 percent in the next ten years (http://www.bio.psu/greendestiny/p+l/energy/problem.shtml). Thus, there are numerous ways to increase environmental awareness at Emory.

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Conclusion

In conclusion, by introducing retrofits to Turman Residential Center $11,620 savings could occur annually. These savings, in conjunction with similar programs and retrofits in other residence halls, can seriously affect the bottom line for Emory. After speaking with numerous Facilities Management employees and employees from the Department of Residence Life, the retrofits currently being instituted and the ones planned in the future have an immediate functional value. For example, the leak needs to be fixed because it is flooding someone's room or the chiller needs to be replaced because it keeps breaking down. The benefits of fixing such problems are that there are fewer complaints or less maintenance needed. The fact that the newer technology saves energy and benefits the bottom line is merely icing on the cake. Perhaps, by students becoming more aware of their energy use and by raising awareness in all levels of the campus, this "icing on the cake" will become part of the fundamental ingredients. In other words, the amount of energy that a piece of equipment consumes or the environmentally conscious behavior of an individual will be of paramount importance when making a decision. Thus, the evolution of energy consumption from a detail to a priority should cause Facilities Management and Residential Services to alter their current philosophy to incorporate an ecological and economic point of view. Emory students, faculty, and staff will be better prepared for the unknowns of energy rates in the future if they begin investing in efficient technology and adapting their behaviors accordingly today,

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Recommendations

The following is a list of recommendations specifically for Emory to enhance energy conservation and awareness on campus. Other generic recommendations can be found at the Center for Environmental Citizenship and are located in Appendix D.

Emory Administrators

• Adopt a campus wide campaign to address the issue of energy conservation
• Incorporate environmental issues into all levels of curriculum.

Facilities Management and Residential Services

• Incorporate ecological point of view in mission statement
• Increase utilization of students as resources to be more proactive towards energy issues

Turman Residential Center

• Perform retrofits on lights, (T-8, LED, and light sensors)
• Further investigate investing in water heater and boiler
• Inform vending machine company about energy costs and propose eliminating its illumination

ENVS Department

• Work with Facilities Management and Residential Services to develop a new class that addresses campus environmental challenges
• Increase environmental awareness of issues that affect Emory in all classes

Department of Residence Life

• Incorporate energy conservation into training of RA's
• Put posters in hallways/common areas about energy conservation tips
• Increase information to incoming students about energy efficient appliances/lamps

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• Develop mandatory hall program on energy conservation for residents

By carrying out these recommendations, I feel that Emory will increase their efficiency of energy use which will mitigate the unknowns of rises in energy rates. Ultimately, Emory will save money, which it can put towards renovations and other housing needs. This can aide the Residential Services in their quest to provide competitive housing rates. Finally, by promoting the awareness of energy conservation Emory can enhance its leadership position amongst other institutions as we enter the new millennium.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A

----- Original Message ----

From: Gary S. Hauk [mailto:ghauk@EMORY.EDU]
Sent: Friday, July 30, 1999 7:22 AM
To: All-Emory@EMORY.EDU
Subject: Record Electrical Rates Today: What you can do to help

This emergency message is being forwarded from Keith Curtis, whose contact information follows.

An emergency energy situation has developed and affects all buildings on the main Emory campus. Owing in part to the current heat wave and to difficulties the Georgia Power Company is having in its generating capacity, the rate for Emory's power usage today will jump from about 10 cents per kilowatt/hour to about $1.50 per kilowatt/hour. This is comparable to buying ten gallons of gasoline for your car for $10 in the morning and finding that the next ten gallons will cost you $150 in the afternoon. The University is requesting your help in minimizing electrical usage between 2 p.m. and 8 p.m. today.

Here are some things you can do to help in this situation.

1. Turn off lights wherever possible, especially in closets, hallways with exterior glass, and unoccupied rooms.
2. Turn off lights when you are the last to leave a room, including restrooms.
3. Do not charge electrical vehicles between 2 and 8 p.m. or use electrical space heaters.
4. Turn off or unplug anything not in constant use, such as printers, radios, battery chargers, personal refrigerators, coffee makers, or any personal electrical device you can avoid using today.
5. Minimize the time exterior doors and windows in air-conditioned spaces are opened.
6. Encourage researchers to lower the sashes on their fume hoods, especially in WMB West Wing and the Atwood Chemistry Center.
7. Close blinds as much as possible, unless it makes a space so dark you have to turn the lights on.
8. Raise the cooling temperature setpoints (thermostats) to 75 degrees by 2 p.m. and to 78 at 4 p.m. Do this only if you are sure of how the associated HVAC components work and are therefore allowing the temperature to drift up, not raising the heating temperature setpoint and turning on the heat.
9. If all the occupants of a building are going to be gone for the day, say after 5 p.m., please inform Keith Curtis, who will shut the building down for this evening only (this excludes research buildings, hospitals, the museum, the data center, and buildings with sensitive alarms like Pitts Library).

Thanks in Advance.
Keith Curtis, P.E.
Energy Management Engineer
Resource Planning Department
Facilities Management Division
Emory University
638 Asbury Circle
Atlanta, GA 30322-1000
404-727-8018
fax 727-2709
kcurtis@fmd.emory.edu

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APPENDIX B

Tips for Lowering Your Refrigerator Energy Usage

• Keep your refrigerator or freezer at the following temperatures: 37-40°F for the fresh food compartment of the refrigerator, 0-5°F for the freezer section. Use a thermometer to check inside temperatures.
• Regularly defrost manual-defrost refrigerators and freezers; don't allow frost to build up more than 1/4 inch.
• Make sure your refrigerator and freezer door seals are airtight. Check the seal on door gaskets periodically by closing the door on a dollar bill. If it pulls out easily, you may need a new gasket.
• Keep the doors closed as much as possible and make sure they are closed tightly.
• To ensure proper cooling of its contents, don't crowd food items. Too many dishes obstruct air circulation.
• Cover liquids and wrap foods stored in the refrigerator. Uncovered foods release moisture and make the compressor work harder.
• Replace paper wrappings on food items with aluminum foil or plastic wrap. Paper is an insulator.
• Consider turning off the butter conditioner since it is a little heater inside your refrigerator.
• Experiment with the "energy saver" switch in your refrigerator - it allows you to adjust the heating coil under the "skin" of the refrigerator (the purpose of the heating coils is to prevent condensation on your refrigerator).
• Placement of the refrigerator is very important. Direct sunlight and close contact with hot appliances will make the compressor work harder. More importantly, heat from the compressor and condensing coil must be able to escape freely, or it will cause the same problem. Don't suffocate the refrigerator by enclosing it tightly in cabinets or against the wall. The proper breathing space will vary depending on the location of the coils and compressor on each model--something important to know before the cabinets are redesigned.
• Regularly brush off or vacuum the refrigerator coils on the back or bottom of the unit.
• Because most refrigerators reject heat from the bottom and/or back, they need adequate clearance to allow sufficient airflow. While no specific studies have been done to calculate the optimum clearance space, one general rule-of-thumb to double the space recommended by manufacturers for refrigerator installation. Another rule-of-thumb is to allow 2 inches of airflow around the refrigerator.

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APPENDIX C

Tips for Lowering Your Clothes Dryer's Energy Usage

• Check the outside dryer exhaust vent periodically. If it doesn't close tightly, replace it with one that does to keep the outside air from leaking in. This will reduce heating and cooling bills.
• Clean the lint filter in the dryer after every load to improve air circulation. Regularly clean the lint from vent hoods.
• Dry only full loads, as small loads are less economical; but do not overload the dryer.
• When drying, separate your clothes and dry similar types of clothes together. Lightweight synthetics, for example, dry much more quickly than bath towels and natural fiber clothes.
• Dry two or more loads in a row, taking advantage of the dryer's retained heat.
• Use the cool-down cycle (perma-press cycle) to allow the clothes to finish drying with the residual heat in the dryer.

http://www.eren.doe.gov/buildings/consumer information/dryers/drylower.html

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APPENDIX D

Recommendations from the Center for Environmental Citizenship

I. Integrate Environmental Knowledge into All Relevant Disciplines.

1. Integrate environmental knowledge into courses in all relevant disciplines.
2. Include a section in the academic mission statement, such as, "all students, upon graduating, will possess the knowledge, skills, and values to work toward an environmentally sustainable future."
3. Provide resources for appropriate faculty to integrate environmental issues and perspectives into their existing courses, by developing and launching faculty training programs, holding seminars, and providing funding.
4. Become a signatory to the Talloires Declaration, an international declaration of principles signed by over 150 institutions worldwide dedicated to fostering environmental literacy.

II. Improve Undergraduate Environmental Studies Course Offerings.

1. Assemble a review team of students, faculty, alumni, and outside experts to produce a report on the quality of any existing or proposed environmental studies course offerings.
2. Publicize, distribute the report, and adopt the recommendations for the environmental studies course offerings.
3. Make a university commitment to provide funding for the costs of environmental studies courses and administration, and provide resources to hire and appoint faculty members and staff to lead such courses.

III. Provide Opportunities for Students to Study Campus and Local Environmental Issues.

1. Develop classes in which students can obtain academic credit for research on campus and local environmental issues.
2. Make a commitment to use these studies to help formulate more effective, innovative approaches to campus and local environmental issues.

IV. Conduct a Campus Environmental Audit.

1. Conduct an annual or biannual review of campus environmental impacts, including, but not limited to: solid waste, hazardous substances, radioactive waste, medical waste, wastewater and storm runoff, pest control, air quality, the workplace environment, water, energy, food, purchasing policies, transportation, campus design and growth, research activities, investment policies, business ties, environmental education and literacy, job placement and environmental careers.
2. Issue a report providing recommendations for improved performance in each area, ranking priorities for action, and setting goals to be completed by the next audit.
3. Distribute to all members of the campus community, including trustees, high-level campus officials, staff, faculty, students, alumni, foundation donors, corporate donors, government officials, environmental leaders, community leaders and the public at large.

V. Institute Environmentally Responsible Purchasing Policies.

1. Include environmentally sensitive specifications in all university goods and services contracts.
2. As an individual institution and through cooperative purchasing agreements with other universities and large institutions, purchase products with high recycled content, produced in an environmentally sustainable manner, which demonstrate maximum durability or biodegradability, reparability, energy-efficiency, non-toxicity, and recyclability.
3. Require every university department and program to meet university-wide purchasing standards.

VI. Reduce Campus Waste.

1. Establish a program to reduce, reuse, recycle, and compost a high percentage of campus waste.
2. Increase the percentage reduced, reused, recycled, and composted annually.
3. Expand the scope of waste reduction programs to include the following: glass, steel/aluminum cans, plastic, food waste, cardboard, bond and computer, paper, mixed paper, magazines, newspapers, construction debris (steel, wood, concrete, asphalt), yard waste, oil, leaves, tires, scrap metal, hazardous chemicals, telephone books, contaminated soil, and mattresses at all areas and facilities of the campus.

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VII. Maximize Energy Efficiency.

1. Invest in energy efficient technologies for heating, cooling, lighting and water systems in all existing and future campus buildings and earmark the savings for further improvements in environmental performance.
2. Install meters to measure the use of heat, electricity, and water by building or department and take ongoing meter measurements to set baseline data and determine progress.
3. Raise campus awareness about the need for energy conservation and provide incentives for action, such as by establishing campus-wide "Eco-lympics" competitions.

VIII. Make Environmental Sustainability a Top Priority in Campus Land-Use, Transportation, and Building Planning.

1. Incorporate sustainable design principles into existing and future land-use, transportation, and building plans.
2. In land-use plans, include guidelines to promote compact development for all new campus growth and to insure that any proposed development will not have a negative impact on parks, forests, wetlands, wildlife habitats, agricultural land, watersheds, historic buildings, traffic congestion, or noise and air pollution.
3. In transportation plans, provide incentives for walking, bicycles, buses or rail, and ridesharing; discourage the use of single-occupancy cars by passing on the full cost of parking to drivers, and link transportation planning to land-use planning. In plans for building construction or renovation, incorporate guidelines for energy-efficiency, proper ventilation, and non-toxic, environmentally sound construction materials.

IX. Establish a Student Environmental Center.

1. Provide space, funding, and high-level support for a student environmental center as a durable institution from which to educate the campus and local community about environmental problems and their solutions.
2. Develop a Center membership program, and use Centersponsored events and conferences to strengthen the network of students, faculty, staff, and alumni concerned about environmental problems.
3. If possible, support a full or part-time paid ad mini strator/staffer for the center who can help students channel their interests into substantive reforms on the campus, local, state, national and global levels.

X. Support Students Who Seek Environmentally Responsible Careers.

1. Provide funding and resources to the career placement office for staff to assist student efforts to find careers in organizations working for an environmentally sustainable future, including comprehensive and accessible job and internship listings, alumni contacts, recruitment opportunities, and environmental career guidance.
2. Provide staff and funding support for students, faculty, and staff to organize an annual "Careers in the Environmental Field" panel that brings environmental leaders and alumni from different sectors (government, business, academia, the media, non-profits), to campus to speak to students about their work.

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REFERENCES
[Web sites were valid as of February 2000]

Brown, Natalie, and Julie Simon. 1997. Georgia Energy Data in Summary. Georgia Environmental Facilities Authority.

Calweel, Chris. and Kurt Teichert (1997). The Campus Lighting Efficiency Project: The Halogen Torchiere Opportunity. http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Brown_Is_Green/energy/torchiere/calwteic.html (Visited Feb. 00).

Canalos, Donna and Jim Mroz, (Spring 1995) "EPA's Green Lights Program Saves Money and Prevents Pollution," Facilities Manager: 3 1.

Center for Environmental Citizenship, Campus Green Vote, 1 April, 2000. http://www.envirocitizen.org/cgv/blueprint/recommendations/one.html (Visited Mar. 00).

Cortese, Anthony D. The Vision: Education for Sustainability: The University as a Model of Sustainability. Second Nature http://www.secondnature.org/vision/vision.nsf (Visited Apr. 00).

Creighton, S. H. (1998). Greening The Ivory Tower. Cambridge, the MIT Press.

Curtis, Keith. Personal interview. 6 March 2000.

Department of Campus Life, 1996-1997. Resident Advisor Manual, Emory University.

Department of Energy http://www.eren.doe.gov/buildings/consumer_information (Visited Mar. 00).

Department of Facilities Management, 1989-1990 Kilowatt Usage, Emory University.

Environmental Protection Agency, EnergyStar Program. http://www.energystar.gov/products/ (Visited Mar. 00).

Environmental Studies 11, 4 May 1998. Don't Be Kept in the Dark: Dorm Room Lighting at Brown University. Providence, Brown University: 25. http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Brown_Is_Green/esproj/lite1194/ (Visited Feb. 00).

Glastris, J., K. McGuire, et al. (1998). Watson Institute for International Studies Project. Providence, Brown University: 35. http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Brown_Is_Green/greenarch/Watson.html (Visited Feb. 00).

Green Destiny Council, Penn State University. http://www.bio.psu.edu/greendestiny/p+i/energy/problem.shtml (Visited Apr. 00).

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Hauk, Gary S. "Record Electrical Rates Today: What you can do to help" E-mail to All-EMORY.EDU. 30 July 1999.

National Wildlife Federation. "Ecological Building Design Project Resource Packet." .

Peresie, Jennifer. "Trustees to raise housing rates." The Emory Wheel 29 Feb. 2000, Tues. ed.: 1+.

Pleasent, Andrew. ed. Kurt Teichert. Geological and Chemical Sciences Building Energy Efficiency Renovations. Brown University. http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Brown_Is_Green/reports/ncf_gc.

Pleasent, Andrew. Environmentally Responsible Design of W. Duncan Macmillan Hall. Providence, Brown University: 21.

Reynolds, Jack. Personal interview. 6 April 2000.

Rocky Mountain Institute. Home Energy Brief #3 Refrigerators and Freezers. http://www.rmi.org/images/other/E-HEB-Refrigerators.pdf In Adobe Acrobat Format. (Visited Mar. 00).

Simpson, W. (1991). "Recipe for an Effective Campus Energy Conservation Program." Union of Concerned Scientists.

Secondnature. The Class of 2000 Report. http://www.secondnature.org/ncf2000/campus.html (Visited Mar. 00).

Southface Energy and Environmental Resource Center. ECOS Technology Fact Sheet: Energy-Efficient Lighting System, July 1996.

Teichert, K. (1994). Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Environmental Policies for College Operations, Dartmouth College: 27. http://www.brown.edu/Departinents/Brown_Is_Green/reports/darcepco.html (Visited Feb. 00).

Teichert, K. (1996). Brown is Green Program at Brown University: Electrical Efficiency, Brown University. http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Brown_Is_Green/reports/bigee.html (Visited Feb. 00).

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University of Pennsylvania. The Campus Environmental Audit, University of Pennsylvania. http://dolphin.upenn.edu/~pennenv/audit/Energy/index.html (Visited Mar. 00).

Watt Watchers of Texas, "Is it a vending machine, a refrigerator or a light?" The Energy Center. The University of Texas at El Paso. http://www.wattwatchers.utep.edu/vending.html (Visited Mar. 00).